United States

The US attracts a large number of foreigners to its workforce each year, however international graduates of US institutions do not automatically have the right to remain in the country for work purposes upon completion of their course. In fact, as part of the student application process, applicants must state that they are not planning to Emigrate to the US.

Visa and immigration policies in the US are (arguably) significantly less accommodating towards international students and graduates compared to other host countries. The greatest changes to visa regulations occurred after the attacks of September 11, 2001, when the US immediately implemented tougher visa and immigration requirements. Under the Enhanced Border Security and Visas Entry Reform Act (2002) the US introduced a new overseas student tax in order to fund an advanced computer tracking system for visa applications, but also made it more difficult for applicants to transfer between visa categories.

However, recently the US Department Of State has established a new Internship scheme that has been specifically designed for foreign students. Since July 2007, certain international students are eligible to participate in a year-long Internship per degree level for practical training as long as they can describe how the experience can enhance their education.

United Kingdom

In 2006, as part of a larger scheme to attract highly Skilled Labour, the UK government made amendments to the Science and Engineering Graduate Scheme (SEGS) which enabled all international students who have completed a post-graduate degree course (Master’s of Ph.D. starting after 1 May 2006) to remain in the UK and seek employment for up to 12 months regardless of discipline. The Government has also made a special provision for internationally coveted Master Of Business Administration (MBA) students, allowing graduates of 50 highly ranked business schools to apply for a three-year extension to their one-year working visa once their studies have been completed. As part of the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP), such students have been eligible to apply for Permanent Residence since 12 April 2005. The Government further extended opportunities for non-EU/EEA students in 2007, which allows all students who have completed degree programs in the UK the opportunity to stay in the UK for employment purposes. The International Graduates Scheme has been in operation since 1 May 2007.

However, in March 2011, the UK Government made an announcement on reforming the student visa system, which is getting much stricter The major changes in student immigration policies including tougher requirements for entrance, tightening work entitlements, and closing the post-study work route are aimed at ensuring the UK welcomes the best overseas students with an expected contribution.

Germany and France

Since January 2005, Germany has issued singular permits for both residence and employment in an effort to attract international students and skilled migrants to the country and facilitate their arrival. Overseas students are also eligible to apply for an extension on their residence permit for up to one year for the purpose of seeking employment which is relevant to their field of study upon completion of their studies.

In France, international students have the right to work part-time for up to 19 hours per week whilst studying. Students must, however, have a valid residency permit and be enrolled in an institution that participates in the French social protection system. Upon completion of studies, students are able to accept offers of employment from French firms by applying for temporary employment authorization. It ought to be noted that both Germany and France belong to the Schengen Agreement.

Australia

In addition to Australia’s points system, which encourages skilled migration, regulations allow all international students completing an Australian degree to remain in the country for 18 months upon graduating. Students can earn bonus points for skilled work experience and English-language proficiency in addition to those already earned for Australian qualifications, under amendments to the General Skilled Migration Programme (GSM). Previously, international students were exempt from Work Experience requirements when applying for general skilled migration.

Legislation introduced on September 1, 2007, requires authorities to provide ‘temporary visas’ to enable applicants to earn experience. These changes were made to strengthen links between study, work experience, and employment to ensure migrants have the skills that Australian employers are looking for. The main rationale behind these schemes is the desire for Australia to benefit from the skills of foreign graduates.

Students no longer have the option to remain in Australia following the completion of a master’s degree for the purposes of work. It is now necessary to re-apply under specific sponsorship.

Canada

International students traveling to Canada are not required to apply for a study visa unless the programs they are enrolled in are longer than 6 months. Acquiring a study permit does however have significant benefits to students, giving them permission to seek part-time employment on campus and since April 2006, off-campus, for up to 20 hours per week whilst they are completing their studies. Under the Post-Graduation Work Permit Programmes, international graduates from Canadian higher education institutions are eligible to apply for employment for up to two years.

In 2008, 105 780 study permits applied for from outside Canada were processed, and in 22% of those cases, a study permit was refused. Refusal rates varied by region, with 11% of applicants from Europe refusing and 35% from Africa and the Middle East refusing.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, international students are not required to apply for a student visa if they are studying for a course that is less than three months in duration. Under certain circumstances, international students can seek part-time employment for up to 20 hours per week whilst studying (full-time) in a course that is at least 6 months in duration. In July 2007, amendments were made to the Skilled Migrant Category which gives students the opportunity to earn bonus points for recognized New Zealand higher education qualifications or for two years of full-time study in the country. In addition, the number of years to require points for work experience in New Zealand will be reduced and international students may be eligible to apply for a work visa for up to two years upon completion of their studies in the country.

Issues that can arise with student migration.

The loss of students from sending countries can have a rather detrimental impact on the economy by depleting already scarce resources. Brain Drain is the large-scale loss of individuals with technical skills or knowledge.

Differences in learning cultures is an issue in student migration. This means that the students can have difficulty if the teaching, learning, and assessment methods are very different from those in their previous education. For example, some European students studying in Britain have been noted as having little experience of a number of tasks typically expected of British students while many are familiar “with only traditional forms of assessment such as examinations”.